Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. ADHD symptoms can vary widely among individuals and are generally grouped into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Understanding ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that typically emerges in childhood and can continue into adulthood. It is characterized by a range of symptoms that affect an individual's ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate activity levels. ADHD is generally divided into three subtypes based on symptom presentation:

Signs and symptoms of ADHD

Symptoms of Inattention

Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
Frequent mistakes in schoolwork or other activities due to careless errors.
Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
Avoidance or reluctance to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
Losing items necessary for tasks and activities (e.g., homework, keys).
Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Forgetfulness in daily activities.

2. Symptoms of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

Fidgeting or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
Difficulty remaining seated in situations where it is expected.
Running or climbing in inappropriate situations (in adolescents, this may manifest as restlessness).
Inability to play or engage in activities quietly.
Talking excessively or interrupting others.
Difficulty waiting for one’s turn.

Causes and risk factors of ADHD

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Risk factors may include:
Family history of ADHD or other mental health disorders.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, or drugs.
Premature birth or low birth weight.
Environmental toxins, such as lead.

Treatment options for ADHD

Effective treatment often requires a multi-faceted approach, including:
Behavioral Therapy: Techniques to improve behavior management and social skills.
Medication: Stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall) are commonly prescribed to help manage symptoms. Non-stimulant options are available as well.
Psychoeducation: Educating individuals and families about ADHD to foster understanding and coping strategies.
Support Services: Academic accommodations and support at school can help individuals manage their symptoms effectively.